Amazona barbadensis has suffered from habitat loss, but more significantly from widespread exploitation for the pet trade (Collar et al. Similarly, Lepidopyga lilliae is confined to mangroves along the north coast of Colombia, where urbanization and pollution have caused the death of large areas of mangrove and continue to put pressure on remaining stands. Rallus wetmorei is restricted to brackish lagoons and mangroves along a small stretch of Venezuela's north coast, where its habitat is severely threatened by house and road construction and associated pollution. Large-scale open-cast coal-mining poses a substantial threat to parts of this EBA in Colombia (L. M. Overgrazing by goats and firewood-gathering by local people are resulting in severe pressure on the Araya peninsula, and burgeoning tourism, development pressures and pollution are threatening habitats elsewhere in Venezuela (Wege and Long 1995). Overgrazing is preventing regeneration and causing a problem in Guajira in Colombia (Sug den 1982, Huber and Alarcón 1988). Substantial areas of habitat have, nevertheless, been destroyed, especially in north-west Venezuela (principally around Lago de Maracaibo). Large expanses of the characteristic vegetation of this EBA still remain (but are unprotected) in both Colombia and Venezuela (Huber and Alarcón 1988, Forero 1989). Henri Pittier National Park (Parque Nacional Henri Pittier IBA) Refugio de Fauna Silvestre y Reserva de Pesca Ciénaga de Los Olivitos Vermilion Cardinal ( Cardinalis phoeniceus)Ĭomplejo de Humedales Costeros de la GuajiraĬiénaga Grande, Isla de Salamanca and Sabana Grande RAMSAR biosphere reserve Slender-billed Tyrannulet ( Inezia tenuirostris) Maracaibo Tody-flycatcher ( Todirostrum viridanum)
White-whiskered Spinetail ( Synallaxis candei) Yellow-shouldered Amazon ( Amazona barbadensis)īlack-backed Antshrike ( Thamnophilus melanonotus) Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird ( Amazilia lilliae) Amazona barbadensis is the EBA’s only restricted-range species to have a known long-standing population outside its boundaries, being present on Bonaire and previously on Aruba in the Netherlands Antilles (Secondary Area s015).Ĭhestnut-winged Chachalaca Ortalis garrula is endemic to this general region, being found within the Colombian portion of this EBA, but is distributed further south within the Nechí lowlands (EBA 037) so does not qualify as a restricted-range species. 1993), almost certainly due to the clearance of forest and the expansion of dry scrub up the slopes.
Sakesphorus melanonotus was, historically, confined to this EBA, but has recently been found at up to 1,500 m on the slopes of the Santa Marta mountains (EBA 036) (L. G. The Guajira peninsula and the north-west Venezuelan lowlands (primarily Falcón) are of critical importance for the restricted-range species (see 'Distribution patterns' table). Also, Micropanyptila furcata and a subspecies ( venezuelensis) of the relatively wide-ranging Picumnus cinnamomeus occur in humid forest south of Lago de Maracaibo (Meyer de Schauensee and Phelps 1978, Ryan et al. Most of the restricted-range birds in this EBA occur primarily in the lowland dry-zone vegetation associations described above, the exceptions being Rallus wetmorei and Lepidopyga lilliae, which are confined to small areas of mangrove swamp in Venezuela and Colombia respectively. The vegetation types within this zone (from sea-level to 1,000 m) have been classified as desert (including cactus scrub), thorn scrub, dry forest (deciduous and evergreen), riparian associations and mangroves (Sugden 1982, L. M. However, the EBA does extend slightly beyond the dry zone and includes the seasonally dry forest and woodlands of Norte de Santander and César departments in Colombia (Forero 1989). The boundary of the EBA coincides almost exactly with the southern limit of the south Caribbean dry zone inside which the annual rainfall is less than 1,000 mm (Sugden 1982). This EBA embraces the lowlands of northernmost Colombia and north-west and coastal northern Venezuela, and as such extends from Bolivar and Atlántico departments, around the base of the Santa Marta mountains (EBA 036) and through the Guajira peninsula, Maracaibo lowlands and north Venezuelan coastal plain (and the Paraguaná peninsula) to the Araya peninsula it also includes La Tortuga, Margarita and associated islands. Caribbean Colombia and Venezuela Country/Territory
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